South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. It has nine provinces and is bordered by the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean to the south, and by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Eswatini to the north. It also encloses the small country of Lesotho. With over 63 million people, it is the sixth-most populated country in Africa. The administrative capital is Pretoria, the legislative capital is Cape Town, and the judicial capital is Bloemfontein. The largest city is Johannesburg.

Archaeological findings show that hominid species lived in South Africa about 2.5 million years ago, and modern humans were there over 100,000 years ago. The first known people were the indigenous Khoisan, followed by Bantu-speaking peoples who arrived from west and central Africa. European settlement began in 1652 when the Dutch established a station at Table Bay. British control followed in the early 1800s. Later, many African kingdoms formed, and the region experienced major changes during what is called the Mfecane.

In 1910, the Union of South Africa was created, and it became a republic in 1961. In 1948, a system of strict racial separation called apartheid began. After many years of struggle, this system ended, and in 1994, South Africa held its first universal elections. Since then, it has been a democratic country where all racial groups can participate in government.

Today, South Africa has the largest economy in Africa and is known for its rich variety of cultures, languages, and religions. It is often called the "rainbow nation" because of this diversity. However, challenges such as crime, poverty, and inequality still affect many people. Despite these issues, South Africa plays an important role in international affairs and is a member of many global groups.

Etymology

See also: List of official names of South Africa

The name "South Africa" comes from the country's place at the very bottom of the African continent. When the country was first formed, it was called the Union of South Africa in English and Unie van Zuid-Afrika in Dutch. Since 1961, the official name in English has been the "Republic of South Africa" and Republiek van Suid-Afrika in Afrikaans. The country has an official name in 12 official languages.

There are other names people sometimes use for South Africa. Mzansi comes from the Xhosa word uMzantsi, which means "south". Some Pan-Africanist groups prefer the name "Azania", which comes from a word in Greek, not from an African language.

History

Main article: History of South Africa

Prehistory

South Africa has some of the oldest places in the world where early humans lived. Scientists found many important fossils in caves in Gauteng, a place called the Cradle of Humankind, which is a special site protected by the world. These fossils help us learn about early humans who lived millions of years ago. Some famous places to find these fossils are Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Malapa.

Pre-colonial period

Main article: Bantu expansion

Before Europeans arrived, different groups of people lived in South Africa. The San and Khoikhoi were hunter-gatherers who moved around looking for food. Later, other groups from West Africa moved south and became farmers. They built settlements and used iron tools. One famous ancient place is Mapungubwe, which was a busy town with many people long ago.

Portuguese exploration

See also: Portuguese discoveries

In 1487, a Portuguese explorer named Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to reach the southern tip of Africa. He named the place the Cape of Good Hope because it showed a way to the rich lands of Asia.

Dutch and British colonisation of the Cape

Main articles: Dutch Cape Colony, Slavery in South Africa, and Cape Colony

In 1652, a Dutch man named Jan van Riebeeck started a small station at the Cape Town area to give food and water to ships traveling far distances. Over time, more people settled there. The Dutch brought enslaved people from other parts of the world to work. New communities formed from these different groups.

Mfecane and colonial expansion

Main articles: Cape Colony, Mfecane, Boer Republics, and Great Trek

In the early 1800s, big changes happened as groups moved and fought for land. Some groups, like the Zulu Kingdom, became very powerful. Dutch settlers also moved into new areas, forming their own small countries away from British rule.

Boer Wars and independence

Main articles: Boer Wars and Union of South Africa

Later, the Dutch and British fought hard over control of South Africa. After these wars, South Africa became its own country in 1910, but rules made it hard for many people to have fair treatment.

Apartheid era

Main articles: History of South Africa (1948–1994) and Apartheid

From 1948, a government came to power that created strict rules separating people by race. This caused many problems and unfairness for many years, until changes began in the early 1990s.

Post-apartheid

Further information: History of South Africa (1994–present)

In 1994, South Africa had its first elections where everyone could vote. A new government worked to bring the country together, though challenges like unemployment and unfair treatment of people still exist today.

Geography

Main article: Geography of South Africa

South Africa is in southern Africa, with a coastline that stretches more than 2,500 km (1,553 mi) along the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. It covers an area of 1,219,912 km² (471,011 sq mi), making it the 24th-largest country in the world. The land is mostly flat and high, called a plateau, with the highest point being Mafadi in the Drakensberg mountains at 3,450 m (11,320 ft) above sea level.

The country has many different landscapes. In the south and southwest, there is the Great Karoo, a dry area with shrubs. To the north is the more arid Bushmanland, which turns into the Kalahari Desert. The east has the Highveld, a well-watered area with many farms and the big city of Gauteng. The coast has many mountains and forests, like the Garden Route. In the far south-west is the Cape Peninsula, which has a special climate with most rain falling in winter.

South Africa has a temperate climate because it is surrounded by oceans and is in the Southern Hemisphere. The weather changes a lot across the country, from deserts in the northwest to wet, green areas in the east. Winters are from June to August. The southwest has a Mediterranean climate with wet winters and dry summers, while the east has more even rainfall. The interior can get very hot, with temperatures sometimes reaching above 48°C (119°F).

South Africa is rich in wildlife and plants. It is one of the world's most biodiverse countries, with many different animals such as lions, leopards, cheetahs, rhinos, and giraffes. There are also thousands of plant species, including many types of grasses, succulents, and flowering plants. The fynbos region in the west has an amazing variety of plants, more than some tropical rainforests. However, some plants and animals are threatened because of habitat loss and other changes.

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of South Africa, Politics of South Africa, Elections in South Africa, and Law of South Africa

See also: Human rights in South Africa and LGBT rights in South Africa

South Africa is a parliamentary republic where the president is both the head of state and head of government. The president is chosen by Parliament and can serve up to two terms. The National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, has 400 members elected every five years. The National Council of Provinces, the upper house, has ninety members chosen by provincial legislatures.

After each election, the National Assembly elects a president from its members. The president appoints a deputy president and ministers to form the cabinet. The National Assembly can remove the president and cabinet with a vote of no confidence. In the 2024 election, the ANC lost its majority for the first time since the end of Apartheid.

South Africa does not have an official capital city. Cape Town is the legislative capital as the seat of Parliament, Pretoria is the administrative capital as the seat of the president, and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital as the seat of the Supreme Court of Appeal. Most foreign embassies are in Pretoria.

The Constitution of South Africa is the supreme law of the land. South Africa's legal system is based on Roman-Dutch law and English Common law. The country's highest court is the Constitutional Court.

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Administrative divisions of South Africa and Provinces of South Africa

Each of South Africa's nine provinces has its own government led by a premier. The provinces are divided into districts and local municipalities.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of South Africa

South Africa is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and many other international groups. It has helped solve conflicts in Africa and has strong ties with countries like China.

Military

The South African National Defence Force is the country's armed forces, with branches for the army, air force, navy, and military health service. It helps keep peace in Africa and has taken part in United Nations missions. South Africa has a strong defence industry that makes many military tools.

Law enforcement and crime

Main articles: Law enforcement in South Africa and Crime in South Africa

The South African Police Service is the main police force, with many stations and officers across the country. It works on preventing crime and keeping national security. South Africa has a big private security industry as well.

The country faces challenges with high levels of violent crime. There are many reports of serious crimes like armed robbery and gang violence. The criminal justice system struggles with issues like corruption and overcrowding in prisons, which affect public trust in law enforcement.

Economy

Main article: Economy of South Africa

See also: Poverty in South Africa

South Africa has a mixed economy and is the most industrialised and advanced on the African continent. Its economy is the largest on the continent, with a value of over US$400 billion. The country has a higher income level compared to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and its purchasing power is among the highest on the continent as of 2025. The South African rand is the official currency and is one of the most used currencies in Africa and the world. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange is the largest in Africa and one of the biggest in the world.

South Africa is a major trading nation with many connections around the world. It is among the top exporters and importers in the world, and trade is very important for its economy. The country exports minerals, vehicles, machinery, agricultural products, and other goods. China is its biggest trading partner, followed by the United States, Germany, Japan, India, and the United Kingdom. The European Union is also a key market, and trade within Africa is growing. South Africa is part of important trade groups and works with other countries to support its exports. However, South Africa faces challenges such as unemployment, poverty, and inequality. Around half of the population lives below the poverty line, and the wealthiest people hold most of the nation's wealth. The government has tried to address these issues, but progress has been slow. Still, South Africa is the only African member of the G20, showing its importance in the global economy.

Services and industry

Main articles: Banking in South Africa, Automotive industry in South Africa, and Retailing in South Africa

South Africa's financial services are the most developed in Africa and among the strongest in the world. They make up about 20% of the economy and include the largest banks and companies on the continent. Johannesburg is the financial centre, home to major banks and international companies. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange is very valuable, representing most of Africa's market. The sector is managed by the South African Reserve Bank, which helps keep the economy stable.

The manufacturing industry makes up about 13% of the economy and employs many people. The automotive industry is a big part of this, with companies like Toyota, Volkswagen, BMW, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, and Nissan building cars in the country. South Africa makes over 600,000 vehicles a year, most of which are exported to Europe, Asia, and other African countries. Other important manufacturing includes food and drinks, chemicals, textiles, steel, mining equipment, and machinery.

The retail and consumer industries are also very developed. South Africa has many shopping centres and big stores like Shoprite, Pick n Pay, Woolworths, and Spar. Online shopping is growing, with platforms like Takealot and Makro. The country is famous for Nando's, a popular fast-food chain with many restaurants around the world.

Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in South Africa

Agriculture is important for South Africa, making up about 2–3% of the economy but providing jobs and food. The country grows many different crops and raises livestock. South Africa is a top producer of mohair, ostrich meat, pears, grapes, oranges, and maize. It is also a big producer of wine and unique teas like Rooibos and Honeybush.

South Africa's agricultural exports are strong, and it is a major player in the world market. It is one of the top exporters of citrus fruit, apples, grapes, avocados, and wool. About half of what the country grows is sold around the world, with exports reaching US$13.7 billion in 2024.

Mining

Main article: Mining in South Africa

Mining has been very important for South Africa since the late 1800s and still plays a big role today. It makes up about 7–8% of the economy and is a big part of exports and investment. South Africa was the world's top producer of gold for much of the 20th century and is still a leading producer of platinum, chrome, manganese, and vanadium. It is also among the top producers of titanium, ilmenite, palladium, rutile, zirconium, coal, iron ore, uranium, and diamonds.

South Africa has some of the most valuable mineral resources in the world, with large reserves of platinum group metals, manganese, chromite, and more. It is also a top producer of gold, antimony, coal, iron ore, and uranium.

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in South Africa

South Africa has made many important scientific and technological advances. It was ranked 61st in the world for innovation in 2025. The first human heart transplant was performed there in 1967. South Africa also developed a vaccine for yellow fever, pioneered CT scan technology, and made advances in electron microscopy. The country has a growing astronomy program, including the Southern African Large Telescope and work on the Square Kilometre Array project.

South Africa has also developed advanced military technology, including vehicles that can protect against landmines and bombs, and helicopters with special displays for pilots.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in South Africa

South Africa is a popular tourist destination, with tourism making up about 3.3% of the economy. The country has beautiful natural landscapes, wildlife parks, rich cultural history, and famous wines. Popular places to visit include Kruger National Park, the coastlines of KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape, and cities like Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg.

Tourism supports many jobs in areas like hotels, transportation, food services, and conservation. In 2024, South Africa saw an increase in visitors, with nearly 9 million people arriving. The country is ranked as one of the top travel destinations in the world and the best in Africa. Visitors come from many countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, France, and other African nations.

Infrastructure

See also: Housing in South Africa

Transport

Main article: Transport in South Africa

South Africa has the biggest road network in Africa, with about 750,000 km of roads. This makes it the 10th largest road network in the world. Many cities have busy streets because there are over 12 million cars and trucks, and many roads get crowded. Important roads connect major cities and are part of big travel routes across continents.

South Africa also has a large railway system, the biggest in Africa. It has about 30,400 km of tracks. There are special trains for cargo and for people to ride. Some trains go very fast between big cities. South Africa is building even faster trains called “bullet trains” that will help people travel quicker.

The country has 573 airports, which is more than any other African country. Four big airports handle many passengers, with O.R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg being the busiest. South Africa has many airlines that fly both inside the country and to other places.

South Africa’s ports are very important for trade. The Port of Durban is one of the biggest places for moving cargo in Africa. Other ports help with shipping and bringing in goods from around the world.

Energy

Main article: Energy in South Africa

Further information: Electricity sector in South Africa

South Africa produces a lot of electricity, more than most other African countries. Most of the electricity comes from coal, which is not very good for the environment. The country has big power plants that use coal, and it also uses other sources like nuclear power, water power, and wind.

South Africa has had trouble keeping the electricity running because of problems with old power plants and not enough maintenance. The government is working to fix these problems and is planning to use more clean energy in the future, like wind and solar power, to help make the country’s energy better.

Water supply and sanitation

Main article: Water supply and sanitation in South Africa

South Africa has rules that make sure everyone gets some free basic water. But sometimes there aren’t enough water supplies, especially during dry periods. In 2018, Cape Town almost ran out of water, so people had to use very little water each day. The government is trying to improve water services and make sure there is enough clean water for everyone.

Telecommunications

Main articles: Telecommunications in South Africa, Internet in South Africa, and Internet censorship in South Africa

South Africa has good communication systems, with many people using mobile phones and the internet. The country has many companies that provide mobile phone service and internet connections. Some of these companies were the first in Africa to offer the newest technology for fast internet speeds. There are also ways to get internet in places far from cities, though some services are still waiting for approval to start.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of South Africa and List of municipalities in South Africa

South Africa is a country with about 62 million people from many different backgrounds, cultures, languages, and religions. The country’s population has grown a lot over the years—from about 14 million in 1950 to more than 55 million today. South Africa is also home to many people who have moved there from other places.

People in South Africa are grouped into five main groups based on how they see themselves. In 2022, most people—about 81%—were part of one group, while smaller numbers were in the other groups.

Languages

Main article: Languages of South Africa

South Africa has twelve official languages, more than most other countries. These include Afrikaans, Zulu, Xhosa, English, and others. While all these languages are equal, some are spoken more than others. For example, Zulu and Xhosa are very common, while English is mainly used in business and schools, even though fewer people speak it at home.

Besides these, many other languages are spoken by different groups of people living in South Africa.

Religion

Main article: Religion in South Africa

Religion in South Africa (2022 census)

1. Christianity (85.3%)
2. Traditional faiths (7.80%)
3. No religion (3.10%)
4. Islam (1.60%)
5. Hinduism (1.10%)
6. Others (1.10%)

Most people in South Africa—about 85%—are Christian. There are also many followers of traditional African beliefs, as well as smaller groups of Muslims, Hindus, and people with no religious affiliation.

Education

Main article: Education in South Africa

South Africa has a good education system. Children go to school for twelve years, starting with primary school and moving to high school. After high school, students can go to university to study further. There are many universities and colleges where young people can learn different skills and subjects.

Health

Main articles: Health in South Africa and Healthcare in South Africa

Healthcare in South Africa is different for rich and poor people. Most people use public hospitals and clinics, which don’t always have enough staff or resources. Some people can pay for private healthcare, which has better facilities. The government is working to improve healthcare for everyone.

HIV/AIDS

Main article: HIV/AIDS in South Africa

South Africa has one of the largest numbers of people living with HIV in the world. Many people are affected, especially young adults. The government has been working to provide treatment and support to help those affected by the disease. Today, many people living with HIV can access medicine that helps them live longer, healthier lives.

Culture

Main article: Culture of South Africa

South Africa has many different cultures because of its history and many languages. Many people in rural areas still follow old traditions, while others live more like people in other parts of the world.

Arts

South Africa has some of the oldest art in the world, found in caves and dating back thousands of years. Different groups of people brought their own art styles, and today South Africa’s art is a mix of many influences.

Media

Main article: Mass media in South Africa

South Africa has a big media scene and is a major centre for news and entertainment in Africa. English is the most common language in media, but all of the country’s official languages are used in broadcasting and publishing.

Popular culture

Further information: Music of South Africa

South Africa has many kinds of music. There are styles like Kwaito and Amapiano, and famous musicians such as Brenda Fassie and Ladysmith Black Mambazo. The country also has well-known jazz players and singers.

South African films sometimes get attention around the world, like District 9, Chappie, and Tsotsi, which won an award for best foreign film.

Literature

South African writing comes from a rich history and many languages. Writers like Alan Paton and Nadine Gordimer have won important awards, and there are authors who write in many of the country’s languages.

Cuisine

See also: South African wine

Food in South Africa is very varied, mixing traditions from many cultures. Meat, especially barbecued, is popular, along with dishes like pap (maize porridge) and chakalaka (a spicy vegetable relish). There are also special foods from different groups, such as bobotie (a spiced meat dish) and bunny chow (bread filled with curry).

Fast food is popular too, with local chains like Nando’s and international brands like KFC.

South Africa is also famous for its wine, with vineyards in places like Stellenbosch and Franschhoek.

Sports

Main article: Sport in South Africa

Sport is very important in South Africa. The most popular sports are soccer, rugby, and cricket. South Africa has hosted big international events like the FIFA World Cup and the Rugby World Cup.

Soccer is the top sport, and the national team, Bafana Bafana, has won African tournaments. Rugby is also huge, with South Africa winning the Rugby World Cup several times.

Cricket is another major sport, with the national team, the Proteas, winning many international competitions. Other popular sports include swimming, athletics, golf, and boxing.