Autonomous communities of Spain

The autonomous communities are the main parts of Spain. They were made after the Spanish Constitution of 1978 to let local areas handle some of their own matters. There are 17 of these communities and two special cities, Ceuta and Melilla, which might become autonomous communities one day.

Each autonomous community has its own rules, called Statutes of Autonomy. These rules decide what powers they can have. Some communities have more powers than others, based on their history and culture. This helps Spain treat everyone fairly.

All these communities have their own governments that make and follow laws, but they share the same courts as the rest of the country. This system keeps Spain united while letting local areas manage many of their own matters.

Decentralisation model

Main article: Political divisions of Spain

Spain is sometimes called a "federal system with some special features" by experts. It is a country where power is shared between the central government and its regions.

This way of organizing the country is called the "State of Autonomous Communities". This name helps explain that Spain is one country, but with regions that have their own power. Some people think it acts like a group of states, but it is not officially called that.

List of autonomous communities

The autonomous communities of Spain have official names. These names can be in Spanish only, in another local language only, or in both Spanish and the local language. For example, in the Basque Country, Navarre, and Galicia, both languages are used. In Catalonia, there is also a third language, Occitan, used in one area.

RA: Regionally Appointed

DE: Directly Elected

Autonomous cities

DE: Directly Elected

History

Main articles: History of the territorial organization of Spain and Nationalities and regions of Spain

Spain has many different regions, each with its own languages, histories, and cultures. For a long time, Spain was ruled by one central government. This changed after a new constitution in 1978.

The constitution allowed Spain's regions to have more control over their own matters. This led to the creation of 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities, Ceuta and Melilla. These areas can make some of their own decisions, though they are still part of Spain.

The process of giving these regions more power took many years and involved many talks. Some regions, like Catalonia, the Basque Country, and Galicia, were given more powers right away. Others had to wait longer. Today, Spain is known for letting regional governments have a lot of power, making it one of the most decentralized countries in Europe.

Movement for further autonomy

See also: Galician independence movement

Some people in parts of Spain think their areas should have more control or even become separate from Spain. This idea is strong in places like Galicia, the Basque Country, and Catalonia. These areas often see themselves as special with their own cultures and languages.

Basque Country

Main article: Basque Country independence

In 2004, leaders in the Basque Country wanted more powers, like sharing control with Spain and making their own decisions. But Spain did not agree, and things have stayed mostly the same since then.

Catalonia

Main article: Catalan independence movement

In Catalonia, some people feel they pay too many taxes to the rest of Spain. In 2012, the leader of Catalonia asked Spain for more control over taxes, but Spain said no. In 2017, Catalonia tried to vote to become independent, but Spain stopped it. This made things very tense between them.

Possible rearrangements

Besides the territorial disputes that Spain holds with the United Kingdom, Morocco and Portugal, some groups have suggested changes to how Spain's areas are organized:

• Some people in Catalonia, the Basque Country, Navarre, Galicia, and the Canary Islands want to leave Spain.
• There are discussions about whether Navarre should join the Basque Country.
• There is a small area called Treviño that is part of one region but surrounded by another, and some people want it to change regions.
• Similarly, Valle de Villaverde is part of Cantabria but surrounded by the Basque Country, and some want it to join the Basque Country.
• Some in León want their area to become a separate region from Castile and León.
• A town near Gibraltar has asked to become its own region.

Constitutional and statutory framework

The autonomous communities are the main parts of Spain. They were created after the Spanish Constitution of 1978 to give more local control. There are 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities.

The Statute of Autonomy

The Statute of Autonomy is the most important law for each autonomous community. It is approved by the local government and then by the Spanish Parliament. Some communities vote on the Statute before it is finally approved.

Institutional organization

Each autonomous community has its own government and parliament. The parliament members are elected by the people. The government is led by a president, chosen by the parliament. There is also a high court for each community.

Legal powers

The autonomous communities have different levels of power. Some powers belong only to the central government, some are shared, and some belong only to the communities. The communities manage their own education, health, and local development.

Degree of financial autonomy

Most communities get their money from the central government, which collects taxes and shares the money. Two communities, the Basque Country and Navarre, collect their own taxes and send a set amount to the central government.

Spending

Since the 1980s, autonomous communities have taken on more responsibilities like health and education, so they spend more money. They must get permission from the central government to borrow money.

Linguistic regimes

Spain’s constitution protects the different languages of the country. Spanish is the official language everywhere, but other languages like Basque, Catalan, and Galician are also official in some communities.

Main article: Statute of Autonomy

Main article: Communities of chartered regime

Main article: Political divisions of Spain

See also: Local government in Spain, Comarcas of Spain, Provinces of Spain, and Municipalities of Spain